The Wetterling Act requires statesto form registries of offenders
convicted of sexually violent offenses or offenses against children,
and to form more rigorous registration requirementsfor sex offenders.
Furthermore, states must verify the addresses of sex offenders
annually for at least ten years, and those offenders classified as
sexually violent predators must verify theiraddresses quarterly for
life. It also required state compliance bySeptember 1997, with a
two-year extension for good faith efforts to achieve compliance;
non-compliance would result in a 10% reduction of federal block grant
funds for criminal justice.
Twenty-seventh Amendment to the UnitedStates Constitution
United States of America
The Twenty-seventh Amendment ( Amendment XXVII ) prohibits anylaw that
increases or decreases the salary of members of the Congress from
taking effect until the start of the next set of terms of office for
Representatives. It is the most recent amendment to the United States
Constitution , having been ratified in 1992, despite its initial
submission 203 years prior.
No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and
Representatives, shalltake effect, until an election of
Representatives shallhave intervened
The first hundred years
Presented in the United States House of Representatives by
Representative James Madison of Virginia , this amendment was the
second of the twelve Constitutional amendments originally submitted to
the state legislatures for ratification by the 1st Congress on
September 25, 1789, the last ten of which became the United States
Bill of Rights on December 15, 1791.
From 1789 to 1791, the compensation proposal was ratified by the
legislatures of onlysix states— Maryland , North Carolina , South
Carolina , Delaware , Vermont and Virginia —ten being required at the
time. As more states entered the Union, the ratification threshold
increased. In 1873, more than 80years after Congress offered it tothe
nation's state lawmakers, the Ohio General Assembly ratified the
compensation amendment asa means of protest against the " Salary Grab
Act ". [ 1 ] The Salary Grab Act not only provided for a Congressional
pay raise, but made that raise retroactive.
Ratification completed
The proposed amendment was ratified by Wyoming in 1978 as aprotest to
a Congressional pay raise, [ 2 ] but the proposed amendment was
largely forgottenbefore University of Texas at Austin undergraduate
student Gregory Watson wrote a paper on the subject in 1982. [ 3 ] He
started a new push for ratificationwith a letter-writing campaign to
state legislatures. [ 1 ]
Under the U.S. Supreme Court's landmark decision in Coleman v. Miller
, 307 U.S. 433 (1939) , any proposed amendment which has been
submitted to the states for ratification and does not specify a
ratification deadline may be ratified by the states at any time. In
Coleman , the Supreme Court further ruled that the ratification of a
constitutional amendment is political in nature—and so not a matter
properly assigned to the judiciary.
Certification and Congressional acceptance of ratification
On May 18, 1992, the amendment was officially certifiedby Archivist of
the United States Don W. Wilson . On May 19, 1992,it was printed in
the Federal Register , together with the certificate of ratification.
[ 4 ]
Speaker of the House Tom Foley and others called for a legal challenge
to the amendment's unusual ratification.
In certifying that the amendment had been validly ratified, the
Archivist of the United States hadacted under statutory authority
granted to his office by the Congress under Title 1, section 106b of
the United States Code , which states:
Whenever official notice is received at the National Archivesand
Records Administration that any amendment proposed to the Constitution
of the United States has been adopted, according to the provisions of
the Constitution, the Archivist of the United States shall forthwith
cause the amendment to be published, with his certificate,
specifyingthe States by which the same may have been adopted, and that
the same has become valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of
the Constitution ofthe United States.
Despite that, Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia scolded Wilson for
having certified the amendment without Congressional approval.
AlthoughByrd supported Congressional acceptance of the amendment, he
contended that Wilson had deviated from "historic tradition" by not
waiting for Congress to consider the validity of the ratification,
given the more than 202-year lapse since the Amendment had been
proposed. [ 4 ]
On May 20, 1992, under the authority recognized in Coleman , and in
keeping with the precedentfirst established regarding the ratification
of the Fourteenth Amendment , each house of the 102nd Congress passed
a version of a concurrent resolution agreeing that the amendment was
validly ratified, despite the unorthodox period of more than 202 years
for the completion of the task.
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However, neither versionwas adopted by the entire Congress.
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