Sankt-Peterburg is 6040 kilometres (3750 miles) from Provideniya.
Moscow, RS 37.6156
55.7522
Saint Petersburg, RS 30.2642
59.8944
Miles: 393.08
Kilometers: 632.59
Bearing: NW
Magnitude 4.5 - CHUKOTKA, RUSSIA
2012 March 03 08:10:57 UTC
145 km (90 miles) NNW of Provideniya, Chukotka, Russia
6277 km (3900 miles) NNE of MOSCOW, Russia
Bering Sea Arbitration
The claim that Bering Sea was mare clausum was abandoned, but it was
asserted that Russia had formerly exercised therein rights of
exclusive jurisdiction which hadpassed to the United States, and they
relied inter alia upon the ukase of 1821, by which foreign vessels had
been forbidden to approach within 100 Italian miles of the coasts of
Russian America.It was pointed out by Great Britainthat this ukase had
been the subject of protest both by Great Britain and the United
States, andthat by treaties similar in their terms, made between
Russia andeach of the protesting powers, Russia had agreed that their
subjects should not be troubled or molested in navigating or fishing
in any part of the Pacific Ocean.
Mare clausum ( legal latin meaning "closed sea") is a term used in
international law to mention a sea, ocean or other navigable body of
water under the jurisdiction of a state that is closed or not
accessible to other states. Mare clausum is an exception to mare
liberum (latin for "free sea"), meaning a sea that is open to
navigation to ships of all nations. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In the generally
accepted principle of International waters , oceans, seas, and waters
outside national jurisdiction are open to navigationby all and
referred to as "high seas" or mare liberum . Portugal and Spain
defended a Mare clausum policy during the age of discovery . [ 3 ]
This was soon challenged by other European nations
The Age of Discovery , also knownas the Age of Exploration and the
Great Navigations , was a period in history starting in the early
15thcentury and continuing into the early 17th century during which
Europeans engaged in intensive exploration of the world, establishing
direct contacts with Africa , the Americas , Asia and Oceania and
mapping
In 1911 the United States,Great Britain, Russia, and Japan signed a
treaty that prohibited pelagic sealing for a period of timeand then
placed limits on how many seals could be hunted. The agreement was an
important step in seeking international consensus on environmental
matters.
Natural or artificial separations or divisions between adjoining
properties that show their limits.
Boundaries are used to establish private and public ownership by
determining the exact location of the points at which one piece of
land is distinguishable from another. They are also used to mark the
functional and jurisdictional limits of political subdivisions. For
example, in the United States, boundaries are usedto define villages,
towns, cities, counties, and states.
The setting of boundaries is a characteristic of the modern era of
history during which centralized states emerged that required both
protection against attacks and definition of their populations.
Historically, natural objects such as rivers and mountains served this
purpose. Accurate determination ofboundaries requires surveying and
cartography, which were not widely used until the early nineteenth
century. But even in the late twentieth century, with scientific
information methods available, mapmakers occasionally are forcedto
turn to ancient landmarks and memories when attempting to set
boundaries.
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