Monday, March 19, 2012

The Donner Party was an 87-member group of American pioneers

Patrick Breen's diary, recording his observations in late February
1847, including "Mrs Murphy said here yesterday that thought she would
Commence on Milt. & eat him. I dont that she has done so yet, it is
distressing."
The Donner Party was an 87-member group of American pioneers who set
out in a wagon train going westward, until gettingbound in by snow in
the Sierra Nevada . Casualties were extremely high and many of the
survivors cannibalized members of the party who had already died. The
wagons left Missouri for California in May of 1846. Encouraged to try
a new, faster route across Utah and Nevada , they opted to take the
Hastings Cutoff proposed by Lansford Hastings , who had never taken
the journey with wagons. The Cutoff required the wagons to traverse
Utah's Wasatch Mountains and the Great Salt Lake Desert , and slowed
the party considerably, leading to theloss of wagons, horses, and
cattle. It also forced them to engage in heavy labor by clearing the
path ahead of them, and created deep divisions between members of the
party. They had planned to be in California by September, but found
themselves trapped in the Sierra Nevada by early November.
Most of the party took shelter in three cabins that had been
constructed two years before at Truckee Lake (now Donner Lake ),while
a smaller group camped several miles away. Quickly, food stores ran
out and a group of 15men and women attempted to reach California on
snowshoes in December, but became disoriented in the mountains,
thensuccumbed to starvation and cold. Only seven members of
thesnowshoe party survived, by eating the flesh of those who haddied.
Meanwhile, the Mexican American War delayed rescue attempts from
California, although family members and authorities in California
tried to reach the stranded pioneers but were turned back by harsh
weather.
The first rescue group reached the remaining members, who were
starving and feeble, in February 1847. Weather conditions were so bad
that threerescue groups were required to lead the rest to California,
the lastarriving in March. Most of these survivors also had resorted
to cannibalism. Forty-eight membersof the Donner Party survived to
live in California. Although a minor incident in the record of
westward migration in North America, the Donner Party became notorious
for the reported claims of cannibalism. Efforts to memorialize the
DonnerParty were underway within a few years; historians have
described the episode as one of the most spectacular tragedies in
Californiahistory and in the record of western migration. [ 1 ]
authorities in California tried to reach the stranded pioneers but
were turned back by harsh weather.
harsh weather. Donner party
forensic meteorologist, Lombardo is often called on to consult on
legal and insurance cases resulting from violent storms. His job, and
that ofany forensic meteorologist, is to reconstruct the weather
conditionsthat occurred at a specific time and location in question by
retrieving and analyzing archived atmospheric data and re-creating a
time line of meteorological events.
"As soon as something happens...whether there's a catastrophic event
or a minor localized event, forensic meteorologists understand things
will quiet down, but in a few years from now, it will get into the
courts," says Lombardo, presidentof WeatherWorks, Inc. The
Hackettstown, N.J.-based company provides meteorologicalexpertise to
public and private sector organizations, including the media.
Described as a combination of science, art and interpretation,
forensic meteorology mirrors the work that detectives do to solve
crimes. Cases may involve whether lightning sparked a fire or, if
someone slips and falls, whether ice on a property was to blame. Data
comes from various sources, including observations, weather stations
at airports, Doppler radar and satellite imagery, National Weather
Servicebulletins, and even tidal gages harsh weather law
Cold weather rule A cold weather rule or cold weather law is a law or
regulation that prohibits public utility companies from disconnecting
customers who are unable to payfor the energy used to heat their homes
during the winter. Such regulations may also require utility companies
to reconnect customers during those periods. Several U.S. states have
such rules, including Kansas , Minnesota , and Missouri . The
protection provided by a cold weather rule may not be automatic, and
poor customers may have to register with their service provider to
indicate either a complete inabilityto pay or to set up a special
payment plan

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